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The aim of this book is twofold: to provide an introduction for newcomers to state of the art computer simulation techniques in space plasma physics and an overview of current developments. Computer simulation has reached a stage where it can be a highly useful tool for guiding theory and for making predictions of space plasma phenomena, ranging from microscopic to global scales. The various articles are arranged, as much as possible, according to the - derlying simulation technique, starting with the technique that makes the least number of assumptions: a fully kinetic approach which solves the coupled set of Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic ?eld and the equations of motion for a very large number of charged particles (electrons and ions) in this ?eld. Clearly, this is also the computationally most demanding model. Therefore, even with present day high performance computers, it is the most restrictive in terms of the space and time domain and the range of particle parameters that can be covered by the simulation experiments. It still makes sense, therefore, to also use models, which due to their simp- fying assumptions, seem less realistic, although the e?ect of these assumptions on the outcome of the simulation experiments needs to be carefully assessed.

Techniques of optimization are applied in many problems in economics, automatic control, engineering, etc. and a wealth of literature is devoted to this subject. The first computer applications involved linear programming problems with simp- le structure and comparatively uncomplicated nonlinear pro- blems: These could be solved readily with the computational power of existing machines, more than 20 years ago. Problems of increasing size and nonlinear complexity made it necessa- ry to develop a complete new arsenal of methods for obtai- ning numerical results in a reasonable time. The lineariza- tion method is one of the fruits of this research of the last 20 years. It is closely related to Newton's method for solving systems of linear equations, to penalty function me- thods and to methods of nondifferentiable optimization.

From the success of Maths Formulas app, Physics Formulas has been developed and released to help users quickly refer to any Physics formulas for their study and work. This app displays most popular as well as advanced formulas in seven categories: Mechanics, Electricity, Thermal physics, Periodic motion, Optics, Atomic physics, Constants.

From the success of Maths Formulas app, Physics Formulas has been developed and released to help users quickly refer to any Physics formulas for their study and work. This app displays most popular as well as advanced formulas in seven categories: Mechanics, Electricity, Thermal physics, Periodic motion, Optics, Atomic physics, Constants.

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From the success of Maths Formulas app, Physics Formulas has been developed and released to help users quickly refer to any Physics formulas for their study and work. This app displays most popular as well as advanced formulas in seven categories: Mechanics, Electricity, Thermal physics, Periodic motion, Optics, Atomic physics, Constants.