Plant Roots

This book explains root-soil interactions, ethnobotanical use of roots, secondary metabolite production, and soil resource acquisition from agricultural and ecological perspectives.

This book is a specialized monograph on soil physical conditions and root-system relations.

In the recent past, threats from climate change and unforeseeable environmental extremes to plant growth and productivity have consistently increased. The climate change-driven effects, especially from unpredictable environmental fluctuations, can result in an increased prevalence of abiotic and biotic stresses in plants.
These stresses have slowed down the global yields of crop plants.

This volume consists chapters written by scientists from different parts of the world, who are experts in their respective focuses of research. The topics cover the physical growth and physiological and genetic alterations in plants, particularly under environmental stress conditions. This book is aimed at attracting the attention of students, teachers, as well as scientists who have a similar focus of study or interest.

This book provides two new optimization algorithms to address real optimization problems. Optimization is a fundamental concept in engineering and science, and its applications are needed in many fields. From designing products and systems to developing algorithms and models, optimization plays a critical role in achieving efficient and effective solutions to complex problems.