A more formal approach to Relational Database Management Systems, compared the way they were covered during Web Applications. Database systems are discussed from the physical layer of B-trees and file servers to the abstract layer of relational design. Also includes alternative and generic approaches to database design and database management system including relational, object-relational, and object-oriented systems, SQL standards, algebraic query languages, integrity constraints, triggers, functional dependencies, and normal forms. Other topics include tuning database transactions, security from the application perspective, and data warehousing.